Main Article Content
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Facial prostheses are made to restore a missing part of the face, so they must be made from a material that mimics the surrounding soft tissues and skin in properties. The studies nowadays show that the maxillofacial silicone elastomer is widely used for this purpose because of its biocompatibility, can be easily colored by intrinsic or extrinsic coloration, and good elasticity. The drop points of the pure silicone elastomers are the mechanical properties such as the tear strength and the tensile strength, which need to be improved to be clinically applicable. This improvement may be done by the addition of some types of Nano-oxide fillers. The objective of the study was to review the results of previous studies that evaluated the effect of adding different types of nanoparticles on improving the silicone maxillofacial rehabilitation material mechanical properties.
METHODS
Search Methods: An electronic search in PubMed/Medline was used to find applicable papers that were published in English before September 2022.
Selection Criteria: By examining the title, abstract, and full text of the articles to ensure that they fit the inclusion criteria, the relevance of the articles was confirmed. The term was chosen based on the following: silicone elastomer as the population, nanoparticles as the intervention, and silicone elastomer with and without nanoparticle reinforcement as the comparison (mechanical properties).
Data Collection: Data regarding the published articles on the effect of adding nanoparticles to silicone material to enhance its mechanical properties has been collected.
RESULTS
Out of 27 articles, 18 articles met the requirements for data extraction for review of the results of studies that evaluated the effect of different nanoparticle addition on improving the mechanical properties of the silicone elastomer. Among the essential properties to be considered was that the silicone’s mechanical characteristics were enhanced by the incorporation of various nanoparticles at concentrations ranging from 1% to 3%.
CONCLUSIONS
An ideal maxillofacial silicone that exhibits perfect mechanical properties in a variety of human and environmental aging situations hasn't yet been found.
Keywords
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
- Mitra A. Choudhary S, Garg H, et al. Maxillofacial prosthetic materials-an inclination toward silicones. JCDR 2014;8(12):ZE08.
- Zayed SM, Alshimy AM, Fahmy AE. Effect of surface treated silicon dioxide nanoparticles on some mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. IJB 2014;17:22-5.
- Gupta P, Deshpande S, Radke U, et al. The color stability of maxillofacial silicones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of the Indian Prosthodontic Society 2021;21(2):138.
- Tukmachi M, Moudhaffer M. Effect of nano silicon dioxide addition on some properties of heat vulcanized maxillofacial silicone elastomer. IOSR-JPBS 2017;12(3):37-43.
- Han Y, Zhao Y, Xie C. et al. Color stability of pigmented maxillofacial silicone elastomer: effects of nano-oxides as opacifiers. Journal of Dentistry 2010;38:e100-5.
- Hatamleh MM, Polyzois GL, Nuseir A, et al. Mechanical properties and simulated aging of silicone maxillofacial elastomers: advancements in the past 45 years. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2016;25(5):418-26.
- Hatamleh MM, Polyzois GL, Silikas N, et al. Effect of extraoral aging conditions on mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. J Prosthodont 2011;20(6):439-46.
- Shihab NM. Studying some mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone material before and after incorporation of intrinsic pigments and artificial aging. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad 2018.
- Yeh HC. Effect of silica filler on the mechanical properties of silicone maxillofacial prothesis M SC Thesis, Indian University School of Dentistry 2014.
- Han Y, Kiat-Amnuay S, Powers JM, et al. Effect of nano-oxide concentration on the mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2008;100(6):465-73.
- Akash RN, Guttal SS. Effect of incorporation of nano‐oxides on color stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomer subjected to outdoor weathering. J Prosthodont 2015;24(7):569-75.
- Mouzakis DE, Papadopoulos TD, Polyzois GL, et al. Dynamic mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer incorporating a ZnO additive: the effect of artificial aging. J Craniofacial Surg 2010;21(6):1867-71.
- Pesqueira AA, Goiato MC, Dos Santos DM, et al. Effect of disinfection and accelerated againg on dimensional stability and detail reproduction of a facial silicone with nanoparticles. J Med Eng Technol 2012;36(4):217-21.
- Bangera BS, Guttal SS. Evaluation of varying concentrations of nano-oxides as ultraviolet protective agents when incorporated in maxillofacial silicones: an in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2014;112(6):1567-72.
- Wang L, Liu Q, Jing D, et al. Biomechanical properties of nano-TiO2 addition to a medical silicone elastomer: The effect of artificial ageing. Journal of Dentistry 2014;42(4):475-83.
- Nobrega AS, Andreotti AM, Moreno A, et al. Influence of adding nanoparticles on the hardness, tear strength, and permanent deformation of facial silicone subjected to accelerated aging. J Prosthet Dent 2016;116(4):623-9.
- Cevik P, Eraslan O. Effects of the addition of titanium dioxide and silaned silica nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicones. J Prosthodont 2017;26(7):611-5.
- Kareem S, Fatalla AA, Ali MM, et al. Effects of Zirconium Silicate Nano fillers on Some Properties of Room-Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomers. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2018;9(5):1023-31.
- Çevik P. Evaluation of shore a hardness of maxillofacial silicones: the effect of dark storage and nanoparticles. Eur Oral Res 2018;52(2):99-104.
- Azeez ZA, Tukmachi MS, Mohammed DH. Effect of silver-zinc zeolite addition on mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2018;7(9):19-29.
- Shakir DA, Abdul-Ameer FM. Effect of nano-titanium oxide addition on some mechanical properties of silicone elastomers for maxillofacial prostheses. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 2018;13(3):281-90.
- Meran Z, Besinis A, De Peralta T, et al. Antifungal properties and biocompatibility of silver nanoparticle coatings on silicone maxillofacial prostheses in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res Part B 2018;106(3):1038-51.
- Abdul Kareem AA, Hamad TI. The effects of nano alumina on mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone (pilot study). Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 2019;31(4).
- Haider YM, Abdullah ZS, Jani GH, et al. Evaluation of some mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicon elastomer reinforced with polyester powder. International Journal of Dentistry 2019;2019:1-6.
- Al-Mohammad YN, Abdul-Ameer FM. Effects of artificial aging on some properties of room-temperature-vulcanized maxillofacial silicone elastomer modified by yttrium oxide nanoparticles. Indian Journal of Public Health 2019;10(8):1200-5.
- Sonnahalli NK, Chowdhary R. Effect of nanoparticles on color stability and mechanical and biological properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer: a systematic review. TJIPS 2020;20:244.
- Al-Samaray M, Al-Somaiday H, Rafeeq AK. Effect of adding different concentrations of caco 3-sio 2 nanoparticles on tear strength and hardness of maxillofacial silicone elastomers. Nano Biomedicine & Engineering 2021;13(3).
- Al-Obaidi KA. The influence of halloysite nanotube addition on some properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone before and after simulated aging. M. Sc. Thesis University of Baghdad 2019.
- Abdulrazzaq YN. Evaluating the role of nano yttrium oxide addition on room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone elastomers properties before and after aging. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad 2019.
- Alanssari BF. Effect of addition polyamide micro particles and silicone dioxide nanoparticle composite on some mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone elastomer after artificial agin. M. Sc. Thesis University of Baghdad 2019.
- Abdullah HA. Evaluation of some mechanical properties of a new silicone elastomer for maxillofacial prostheses after addition of intrinsic pigments. M. Sc. Thesis University of Baghdad 2018.
- Haddad MF, Goiato MC, Moreno A, et al. Color stability of maxillofacial silicone with nanoparticle pigment and opacifier submitted to disinfection and artificial aging. J Biom Optics 2011;16(9):095004.
References
Mitra A. Choudhary S, Garg H, et al. Maxillofacial prosthetic materials-an inclination toward silicones. JCDR 2014;8(12):ZE08.
Zayed SM, Alshimy AM, Fahmy AE. Effect of surface treated silicon dioxide nanoparticles on some mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. IJB 2014;17:22-5.
Gupta P, Deshpande S, Radke U, et al. The color stability of maxillofacial silicones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of the Indian Prosthodontic Society 2021;21(2):138.
Tukmachi M, Moudhaffer M. Effect of nano silicon dioxide addition on some properties of heat vulcanized maxillofacial silicone elastomer. IOSR-JPBS 2017;12(3):37-43.
Han Y, Zhao Y, Xie C. et al. Color stability of pigmented maxillofacial silicone elastomer: effects of nano-oxides as opacifiers. Journal of Dentistry 2010;38:e100-5.
Hatamleh MM, Polyzois GL, Nuseir A, et al. Mechanical properties and simulated aging of silicone maxillofacial elastomers: advancements in the past 45 years. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2016;25(5):418-26.
Hatamleh MM, Polyzois GL, Silikas N, et al. Effect of extraoral aging conditions on mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. J Prosthodont 2011;20(6):439-46.
Shihab NM. Studying some mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone material before and after incorporation of intrinsic pigments and artificial aging. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad 2018.
Yeh HC. Effect of silica filler on the mechanical properties of silicone maxillofacial prothesis M SC Thesis, Indian University School of Dentistry 2014.
Han Y, Kiat-Amnuay S, Powers JM, et al. Effect of nano-oxide concentration on the mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2008;100(6):465-73.
Akash RN, Guttal SS. Effect of incorporation of nano‐oxides on color stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomer subjected to outdoor weathering. J Prosthodont 2015;24(7):569-75.
Mouzakis DE, Papadopoulos TD, Polyzois GL, et al. Dynamic mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer incorporating a ZnO additive: the effect of artificial aging. J Craniofacial Surg 2010;21(6):1867-71.
Pesqueira AA, Goiato MC, Dos Santos DM, et al. Effect of disinfection and accelerated againg on dimensional stability and detail reproduction of a facial silicone with nanoparticles. J Med Eng Technol 2012;36(4):217-21.
Bangera BS, Guttal SS. Evaluation of varying concentrations of nano-oxides as ultraviolet protective agents when incorporated in maxillofacial silicones: an in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2014;112(6):1567-72.
Wang L, Liu Q, Jing D, et al. Biomechanical properties of nano-TiO2 addition to a medical silicone elastomer: The effect of artificial ageing. Journal of Dentistry 2014;42(4):475-83.
Nobrega AS, Andreotti AM, Moreno A, et al. Influence of adding nanoparticles on the hardness, tear strength, and permanent deformation of facial silicone subjected to accelerated aging. J Prosthet Dent 2016;116(4):623-9.
Cevik P, Eraslan O. Effects of the addition of titanium dioxide and silaned silica nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicones. J Prosthodont 2017;26(7):611-5.
Kareem S, Fatalla AA, Ali MM, et al. Effects of Zirconium Silicate Nano fillers on Some Properties of Room-Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomers. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2018;9(5):1023-31.
Çevik P. Evaluation of shore a hardness of maxillofacial silicones: the effect of dark storage and nanoparticles. Eur Oral Res 2018;52(2):99-104.
Azeez ZA, Tukmachi MS, Mohammed DH. Effect of silver-zinc zeolite addition on mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone. Int J Med Res Health Sci 2018;7(9):19-29.
Shakir DA, Abdul-Ameer FM. Effect of nano-titanium oxide addition on some mechanical properties of silicone elastomers for maxillofacial prostheses. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 2018;13(3):281-90.
Meran Z, Besinis A, De Peralta T, et al. Antifungal properties and biocompatibility of silver nanoparticle coatings on silicone maxillofacial prostheses in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res Part B 2018;106(3):1038-51.
Abdul Kareem AA, Hamad TI. The effects of nano alumina on mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone (pilot study). Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry 2019;31(4).
Haider YM, Abdullah ZS, Jani GH, et al. Evaluation of some mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicon elastomer reinforced with polyester powder. International Journal of Dentistry 2019;2019:1-6.
Al-Mohammad YN, Abdul-Ameer FM. Effects of artificial aging on some properties of room-temperature-vulcanized maxillofacial silicone elastomer modified by yttrium oxide nanoparticles. Indian Journal of Public Health 2019;10(8):1200-5.
Sonnahalli NK, Chowdhary R. Effect of nanoparticles on color stability and mechanical and biological properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer: a systematic review. TJIPS 2020;20:244.
Al-Samaray M, Al-Somaiday H, Rafeeq AK. Effect of adding different concentrations of caco 3-sio 2 nanoparticles on tear strength and hardness of maxillofacial silicone elastomers. Nano Biomedicine & Engineering 2021;13(3).
Al-Obaidi KA. The influence of halloysite nanotube addition on some properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone before and after simulated aging. M. Sc. Thesis University of Baghdad 2019.
Abdulrazzaq YN. Evaluating the role of nano yttrium oxide addition on room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone elastomers properties before and after aging. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad 2019.
Alanssari BF. Effect of addition polyamide micro particles and silicone dioxide nanoparticle composite on some mechanical properties of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone elastomer after artificial agin. M. Sc. Thesis University of Baghdad 2019.
Abdullah HA. Evaluation of some mechanical properties of a new silicone elastomer for maxillofacial prostheses after addition of intrinsic pigments. M. Sc. Thesis University of Baghdad 2018.
Haddad MF, Goiato MC, Moreno A, et al. Color stability of maxillofacial silicone with nanoparticle pigment and opacifier submitted to disinfection and artificial aging. J Biom Optics 2011;16(9):095004.