Main Article Content
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Myopia is becoming one of the major public health problems globally. Various structural changes are seen in the fundus of myopic patients. Hence there is a need to understand the normal macular thickness in myopes. With the advent of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), foveal and macular thickness can be measured with micrometer resolution. However, there have been hardly any studies that have compared the central foveal and macular thickness among low, moderate and high myopes. We wanted to assess foveal and macular thickness in low, moderate and high myopic patients and study the association between foveal and macular thickness with axial length and spherical equivalent.
METHODS
A total of 150 eyes of 150 subjects with varying degrees of myopia who presented to the Department of Ophthalmology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana formed the study group. Comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed which included visual acuity, refraction by autorefractometer, axial length by NIDEK AL-SCAN, foveal and macular thickness measurements by Optical Coherence Tomography.
RESULTS
A total of 150 patients of different grades of myopia were analyzed. The central foveal thickness increased from mild to high myopia. The average macular thickness, and the thickness of the various quadrants in inner and outer macula ring decreased with progression of myopia.
CONCLUSIONS
It was observed from our study that with increasing grades of myopia, there is increase in central foveal thickness and decrease in the average macular thickness which should be considered mainly in high myopes in retinal disorders.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
- Bourne RR, Stevens GA, White RA, et al. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990 – 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2013;1(6):339-49.
- Saw SM, Katz J, Schein OD, et al. Epidemiology of myopia. Epidemiol Rev 1996;18(2):175-87.
- Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmol 2016;123(5):1036-42.
- Czepita D. Myopia – epidemiology, pathogenesis, present and coming possibilities of treatment. Case Rep Clin Pract Rev 2002;3:294-300.
- Czepita D, Zejmo M. Environmental factors and myopia. Ann Acad Med Stetin 2011;57(3):88-92.
- Upadhyay S. Myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism: a complete review with view of differentiation. Int J Sci Res 2013;14(6):125-9.
- Kumar A, Chawla R, Kumawat D, et al. Insight into high myopia and the macula. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65(2):85-91.
- Ng C, Cheung CYL, Luk FO, et al. Advances of OCT in myopia and pathological myopia. Eye 2016;30(7):901-16.
- Othman SF, Manan FA, Zulkarnaim AI, et al. Macular thickness as determined by optical coherence tomography in relation to degree of myopia, axial length and vitreous chamber depth in Malay subjects. Clin Exp Optom 2012;95(5):484-91.
- Samuel NE, Krishnagopal S. Foveal and macular thickness evaluation by spectral OCT SLO and its relation with axial length in various degree of myopia. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9(3):NCO1-4.
- Meng W, Butterworth J, Malecaze F, et al. Axial length of myopia: a review of current research. Ophthalmol 2011;225(3):127-34.
- Choi SW, Lee SJ. Thickness changes in the fovea and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer depend on the degree of myopia. Korean J Ophthalmol 2006;20(4):215-9.
- Koh VT, Nah GK, Chang L, et al. Pathologic changes in highly myopic eyes of young males in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2013;42(5):216-24.
- Curtin BJ, Karlin DB. Axial length measurements and fundus changes of the myopic eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1971;71(1):42-53.
- Zhao Z, Zhao X, Jiang C, et al. Effects of myopia on different areas and layers of the macula: a fourier-domain optical coherence tomography study of a Chinese cohort. BMC Ophthalmol 2015;15:90.
- Zhao MH, Wu Q, Hu P, et al. Macular thickness in myopia: an OCT study of young Chinese patients. Curr Eye Res 2016;41(10):1373-8.
- Ooto S, Hangai M, Sakamoto A, et al. Three-dimensional profile of macular retinal thickness in normal Japanese eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51(1):465-73.
- Lam DSC, Leung KS, Mohamed S, et al. Regional Variations in the relationship between macular thickness measurements and myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48(1):376-82.
- Luo HD, Gazzard G, Fong A, et al. Myopia, Axial length and OCT characteristics of the macula in Singaporean children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47(7):2773–81.
- Wakitani Y, Sasoh M, Sugimoto Metal. Macular thickness measurements in healthy subjects with different axial lengths using optical coherence tomography. Retina 2003;23(2):177-82.
- Song AP, Wu XY, Wang JR, et al. Measurement of retinal thickness in macular region in high myopic eyes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Int J Ophthalmol 2014;7(1):122-7.
- Xie R, Zhou XT, Lu F, et al. Correlation between myopia and major biometric parameters of the eye: a retrospective clinical study. Optom Vis Sci 2009;86(5):503-8.
- Dubis AM, McAllister JT, Carroll J. Reconstructing foveal pit morphology from optical coherence tomography imaging. Br JOphthalmol 2009;93(9):1223-7.
- Chan CM, Yu JH, Chen LJ, et al. Posterior pole retinal thickness measurements by the retinal thickness analyzer in healthy Chinese subjects. Retina 2006;26(2):176-81.
References
Bourne RR, Stevens GA, White RA, et al. Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990 – 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2013;1(6):339-49.
Saw SM, Katz J, Schein OD, et al. Epidemiology of myopia. Epidemiol Rev 1996;18(2):175-87.
Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmol 2016;123(5):1036-42.
Czepita D. Myopia – epidemiology, pathogenesis, present and coming possibilities of treatment. Case Rep Clin Pract Rev 2002;3:294-300.
Czepita D, Zejmo M. Environmental factors and myopia. Ann Acad Med Stetin 2011;57(3):88-92.
Upadhyay S. Myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism: a complete review with view of differentiation. Int J Sci Res 2013;14(6):125-9.
Kumar A, Chawla R, Kumawat D, et al. Insight into high myopia and the macula. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65(2):85-91.
Ng C, Cheung CYL, Luk FO, et al. Advances of OCT in myopia and pathological myopia. Eye 2016;30(7):901-16.
Othman SF, Manan FA, Zulkarnaim AI, et al. Macular thickness as determined by optical coherence tomography in relation to degree of myopia, axial length and vitreous chamber depth in Malay subjects. Clin Exp Optom 2012;95(5):484-91.
Samuel NE, Krishnagopal S. Foveal and macular thickness evaluation by spectral OCT SLO and its relation with axial length in various degree of myopia. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9(3):NCO1-4.
Meng W, Butterworth J, Malecaze F, et al. Axial length of myopia: a review of current research. Ophthalmol 2011;225(3):127-34.
Choi SW, Lee SJ. Thickness changes in the fovea and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer depend on the degree of myopia. Korean J Ophthalmol 2006;20(4):215-9.
Koh VT, Nah GK, Chang L, et al. Pathologic changes in highly myopic eyes of young males in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2013;42(5):216-24.
Curtin BJ, Karlin DB. Axial length measurements and fundus changes of the myopic eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1971;71(1):42-53.
Zhao Z, Zhao X, Jiang C, et al. Effects of myopia on different areas and layers of the macula: a fourier-domain optical coherence tomography study of a Chinese cohort. BMC Ophthalmol 2015;15:90.
Zhao MH, Wu Q, Hu P, et al. Macular thickness in myopia: an OCT study of young Chinese patients. Curr Eye Res 2016;41(10):1373-8.
Ooto S, Hangai M, Sakamoto A, et al. Three-dimensional profile of macular retinal thickness in normal Japanese eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51(1):465-73.
Lam DSC, Leung KS, Mohamed S, et al. Regional Variations in the relationship between macular thickness measurements and myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48(1):376-82.
Luo HD, Gazzard G, Fong A, et al. Myopia, Axial length and OCT characteristics of the macula in Singaporean children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47(7):2773–81.
Wakitani Y, Sasoh M, Sugimoto Metal. Macular thickness measurements in healthy subjects with different axial lengths using optical coherence tomography. Retina 2003;23(2):177-82.
Song AP, Wu XY, Wang JR, et al. Measurement of retinal thickness in macular region in high myopic eyes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Int J Ophthalmol 2014;7(1):122-7.
Xie R, Zhou XT, Lu F, et al. Correlation between myopia and major biometric parameters of the eye: a retrospective clinical study. Optom Vis Sci 2009;86(5):503-8.
Dubis AM, McAllister JT, Carroll J. Reconstructing foveal pit morphology from optical coherence tomography imaging. Br JOphthalmol 2009;93(9):1223-7.
Chan CM, Yu JH, Chen LJ, et al. Posterior pole retinal thickness measurements by the retinal thickness analyzer in healthy Chinese subjects. Retina 2006;26(2):176-81.